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At the Summer Olympics, the marathon will be the only foot race measured by the standard system instead of the metric system.
And yet the precise distance of 26 miles 385 yards is entirely random, established at the 1908 London Games at least in part as an accommodation to the British royal family, not as an adherence to historical imperative.
When the modern Olympics began in Athens in 1896, a race of 40 kilometers, or 24.85 miles, was held to commemorate the legend of Pheidippides.He is the messenger who is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to announce a Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.And to have promptly died.
The 1900 Olympic marathon in Paris covered just over 25 miles, and the 1904 Olympic marathon in St.Louis returned to the distance of 24.85 miles.This was more like cooking than civil engineering.Race directors designed their courses by a sense of feel, not by a fastidious recipe.
In Paris, according to David Wallechinsky’s “The Complete Book of the Olympics,” the route was so badly marked that some runners veered off course and had to share the road with bicyclists, automobiles, recreational runners and the occasional animal.One of the favorites stopped for a beer early in the race and dropped out.
The 1908 London Games established what is now the customary distance of the marathon.The exact reasons are in dispute, myth intertwining like a vine with fact over the past century.But the result, Wallechinsky said, was a race length that was “completely arbitrary.”
The race began on the East Terrace at Windsor Castle.According to some accounts, King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, along with the Prince and Princess of Wales, had been influenced by attending the 1906 Athens Olympics on the 10th anniversary of the modern Games.For the 1908 Olympic marathon, the Princess of Wales watched the start, which began near the window of the royal nursery so that her children could watch, according to David Miller’s history of the Olympics, “Athens to Athens.” Thus, Miller wrote, the marathon distance “was determined in a bizarre manner red bull hats.”
But David Davis, author of a forthcoming book about the race, “Showdown at Shepherd’s Bush,” said the isolated starting point most likely had to do with controlling the crowd.“There was no demand by the royal family to start beneath the window,” Davis said cheap new era hats.It was about 26 miles from Windsor Castle to the Olympic Stadium in West London at Shepherd’s Bush wholesale new era hats.The original plan had the runners coming into the stadium at the royal entrance and running about 585 yards, circling the track counterclockwise and finishing in front of the royal box, Davis said.But the royal entrance was deemed unsuitable; instead the runners entered at the opposite end of the stadium and, to enhance the view of the Queen and others, ran clockwise for 385 yards to the royal box.
The final yards made for a gripping and contentious result.Entering the stadium first on that hot and humid July day was an Italian pastry chef named Dorando Pietri.But he was exhausted, delirious.He turned the wrong way on the track, reversed course and began stumbling.According to news accounts, Pietri fell five times in that final quarter mile.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, covered the race for The Daily Mail of London and wrote, “I caught a glimpse of the haggard, yellow face, the glazed, expressionless eyes, the long, black hair streaked across the brow.”
By assisting Pietri to his feet, race officials knew they were jeopardizing his gold medal.But as the official Olympic report said, “It was impossible to leave him there, for it looked as if he might die in the very presence of the Queen authentic new era hats.”
Pietri reached the tape first, collapsed and was placed on a stretcher.Arriving second was John Hayes of the United States, which had become incensed by a controversial finish in the 400 meters and the absence of the Stars and Stripes from the roof of the Olympic Stadium during the opening ceremony.The Americans protested the aid given to Pietri, and Hayes was declared the winner.
Though he was disqualified, Pietri became a hero.Queen Alexandra presented him with a gold cup.He spurred an international marathon craze.Irving Berlin wrote a song about him.And finally in 1921, the official marathon distance became 26 miles 385 yards, the evolution of which is largely lost on today’s top runners.
“I had no idea,” said Wilson Kipsang of Kenya, who has run the second-fastest marathon in 2 hours 3 minutes 42 seconds.“That is fantastic.”
Then he suggested the race should be lengthened to 30 miles to make it more exciting.Patrick Makau of Kenya, the world-record holder in 2:03:38, had a similar idea.
“People are used to running” 26.2 miles, Makau said.“They run it like it is a short distance.Longer would be better.”
Abel Kirui of Kenya, the two-time world champion, said he thought the standard marathon distance was perfect, given that elite runners and recreational runners can compete in the same race snapback hats.
“If you train well enough, it is a distance that will not kill you,” Kirui said.“And it unites people.”
On Sunday, the three Kenyans will compete in the London Marathon, hoping to qualify for the Olympics, which will be run on a mostly different course.At the 2012 Games, the marathon will not finish at the royal box in the Olympic Stadium.Instead, it will conclude along the Mall, between Buckingham Palace and Trafalgar Square.
“The royals aren’t what they used to be,” Wallechinsky said.“I doubt they’ll change the marathon or fencing to please Prince Harry.”
A footnote: In his book, “The Marathon Makers,” John Bryant wrote that the first mile of the 1908 course was measured again in recent years.It came up 174 yards short